What is colposcopy?

Colposcopy is a way of examining the cervix under magnification. A speculum, the same instrument used during Pap test or vaginal exam, is inserted into the vagina to allow the doctor to see the cervix.

A vinegar solution is applied to the cervix. This solution does not hurt and causes abnormal cells to turn white. If abnormal areas are seen, a sample (or biopsy) can be taken of those areas. The biopsy is then sent to a lab for further testing; this allows the doctor to determine the level of abnormality (e.g. if you have low grade or high grade dysplasia - plasia means growth).

What if my colposcopist discovers that I do have abnormal cells?

If you do have high-risk abnormal cells, a colposcopist will be able to refer you to a gynecologist to have those cells removed.  This is usually done through one of two common procedures: LEEP or laser removal.

By removing abnormal cells when they are discovered, you significantly lower your risk of developing cervical cancer.  In fact, about 80 per cent of women who have cells removed will go back to having regular Pap tests after the procedure.

If my doctor refers me for colposcopy, does that mean I have cervical cancer?

If your doctor referred you for colposcopy, it means that during your Pap test some abnormal cervical cells were found.  Having abnormal cells does not mean that you have cervical cancer, but it is important that these cells are examined more closely so that changes may be followed or treated to prevent cancer.

What is an abnormal Pap test?

The cervix is located at the opening of the uterus. The surface cells on the cervix are constantly growing and changing. Sometimes, these cells become abnormal. The Pap smear screens for these abnormal cells.

Abnormal cells are called dysplasia. In rare cases, if left untreated, dysplasia may progress to cervical cancer.  However, cervical cells can go through many changes that are not cancer. These changes can be caused by many things, and will most often return to normal on their own.

What is HPV?

HPV is a very common virus and is one of the most common causes of dysplasia.  Most of the time, the immune system will clear HPV infection on its own. In some cases, however, the body is not able to clear HPV and abnormal cells will persist.

The good news is that having regular Pap tests allows your doctor to detect cell changes early so that they can be treated before they become a problem.